The search string, data sources, and case definitions (eg, anthrax, systemic illness, “quality score”) used here have been previously published. To better guide the ongoing investment in and strategies for use of anthrax countermeasures, we report the clinical characteristics at presentation, sequelae at presentation and throughout hospitalization, and the treatment-specific outcomes for adults and pediatric patients with all forms of confirmed anthrax published in English since 1880. Four of 10 focus on a specific route: anthrax meningitis, inhalation anthrax, and injection anthrax. Ten previous anthrax systematic reviews have focused on host factors, treatment, and outbreak/exposure events all but 1 also mention mechanisms of exposure. Although only a handful of anthrax cases are reported from North America and Europe each year, anthrax is still endemic to hyperendemic in parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. Meningitis may complicate any route of anthrax or occur with no discernable route of infection (ie, primary meningitis). ![]() In humans, anthrax clinical syndromes usually parallel the route of infection: cutaneous, inhalation, ingestion, or injection. anthracis spores is considered a priority biothreat. Additionally, the agent has been researched extensively as a bioweapon, and an intentional release of aerosolized B. ![]() Anthrax, inhalation anthrax, cutaneous anthrax, injection anthrax, ingestion anthraxĪnthrax is a bacterial toxin-mediated zoonotic disease transmitted by the handling, ingestion, inhalation, or injection of Bacillus anthracis–contaminated animal by-products (eg, hides, wool, meat) or items/fomites that have contacted such by-products.
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